师：good morning boys and girls
生：good morning miss li
师：how are you today
生：good, yes
师：since we entered senior three, we're having more and more tests these days, right?
生：yes
师：to help you get refreshed, let's do a jigsaw puzzle. who'd like to have a try? hmm, you can and jump work. please come to the front. yeah, let's have a competition.
生：yes
师：already? yeah, okay, here we go.
（学生进行拼图，发出惊叹声）
师：wow
生：wow
师：let's try it again. how about this one?
（学生继续拼图，发出惊叹声）
师：wow, impressive. okay, thank you danbo. okay, so, fast and accurately coming to the patterns and shapes of each picture, okay?
生：yes
师：very good. thank you. just as yu pan told us, the patterns and shapes of each part and the whole picture are the key to the jigsaw puzzle, right?
生：yes
师：okay, which part in the text paper may give you the same experience as playing jigsaw puzzle?
生：chiong
师：we can call it carefully. okay, now, here is one question for you. what is the gap - following task designed to test?
生：logic
师：okay, nice. try yeah. according to the interpretation of the standard, as you can see on the screen, the gap - filling task is designed to test your analysis of the structure, content, and logic of the discourse, where cohesion plays a very important role. so what is cohesion and how is it used now? let's play another jigsaw puzzle. yeah, there are six sentences here, and you need to pick out an irrelevant one first and then reorder them. clear?
生：yes
师：okay, who would like to have a try? the friend yeah, okay, yeah, your place. yeah, okay, please come to the front and the rest of you, please work on your learning paper. okay.
（学生操作完毕）
师：wow, have you finished yet? yeah, okay. now let's have a look at Louis. oh, right. how did you make it, Louis?
生：after reading all these sentences, i found that they are all talking about how people make use of wood. that is the theme of the whole discourse, right?
师：yes, but the option e is mainly talking about deforestation and ecological imbalance. so you picked it out, yeah? though it has the word “wood”, actually it is irrelevant, right?
生：yes. and i found this sentence has the topic word like “wood” or “depend on”, so i put it first. that is very important. and these two sentences have the same structure, like “it's one substance” and “it's also a substance”. they have the same structure, so i put them together. yeah, the sentence pattern is also very important, right?
师：okay, let's move on. and finally, i found the time order like “a few years ago” and “probably by now”, so i found the last two sentences. okay, thank you very much. brilliant answer. okay, hands down. yeah, actually when you rearrange these sentences, you have already focused on the cohesion and the coherence of the discourse. we know in the discourse all the sentences or paragraphs should be closely linked to each other, right?
生：yes
师：and the cohesion and the coherence are the two qualities that give a discourse unity and purpose. in Chinese, 语篇在语义方面是连贯的。这种连贯呢，是无形的，但是呢它是通过有形的语言层面的衔接来实现的。okay, there are three kinds of cohesion in the discourse, and they are grammatical, lexical, and structural. and they are widely used in the text, as you can see in the table, right?
生：yes
师：now, let's see how it is used in the text. simple one. please go through the whole discourse and try to find out the keyword. clear? yeah, okay. please read it by yourself now.
（学生阅读完毕）
师：let's do it. some people. okay, have you found out the keyword?
生：yeah
师：okay, what is it or what are they? yeah, which one?
生：（回答关键词）
师：very good. so we can narrow down our choices from a, b, c, d to b and d. well, they have the same word “a gift”, right?
生：yes
师：and which one is better, b or d? yeah, b would like to share his or her idea. okay, Sean, you please.
生：i think b is a better choice because i find another important word “housewarming”. yes, okay, it appears as the fifth line “a good housewarming gift”. so i think b is the best choice. okay.
师：very good. thank you. do you agree?
生：yes
师：and the next kind of coherency is the words of repetition. clear?
生：yes
师：next one, yeah. and this time, i hope you can go through the discourse by yourself and circle the keywords. okay.
（学生圈画完毕）
师：okay, now, please work on your learning paper. try to find out the keywords. okay, have you finished?
生：yes
师：okay, now let's have a try. who'd like to share with us his or her ideas? anyone? yeah, okay, the warrior place.
生：in the sentence before black, there's one word “apartment” and also “publics”, which are the facilities of the apartment. yeah, facility of the apartment. very good. and also in choice d, there's also word “kitchen” and “bed”. yes, there are also the facilities of the apartment. so that's why i chose c option as the correct.
师：do you agree?
生：yes
师：okay. actually there is another pair of words after the black. yeah, can you find it?
生：it might be “lift” and “building”
师：yeah, “building” and “lift”. actually all these words belong to words of hyponymy（上下义词）. you may not be quite familiar with these words, right? yeah, actually in our life, there are quite a lot of examples. for example, when i say “fruit”，它的下义词就是“apple”, “pear”, “orange”. yeah, get it? yeah, okay, good. thank you.
师：now, there are another two samples for you. and this time, i gave all the texts and the choices for you. and please try to find out the keywords. yeah, go through it very quickly to find out the keywords. how about sample three? which one?
生：（回答相关关键词）
师：okay, very good. and there are words with similar or same meaning, right? yeah. okay, and how about sample four? how about sample four? which one?
生：Ken：i found a group of words.
师：which one?
生：“easy” and “challenging”. they have opposite meaning. yeah, opposite meaning.
师：okay, very good. so we can call it words of antonymy, right?
生：yes
师：okay, very good. thank you. in this category logical cohesion, we have learned about 原词复现、同义词复现、上下义词复现、反义词复现. okay, very good. but only these ways, we cannot solve all the problems, right? we also need the help of other kind of cohesion. there are four kinds of grammatical cohesion, but usually we use the reference and conjunction. now, here is the definition of reference. now, let's read it together. 照应：one, two. 照应是指用人称代词或指示代词等语法手段来表示的一种语义关系，也就是用代词代替前文提到的人或物，前后形成照应关系，便于阅读。照应常分为人称照应（he, them, she）和指示照应（this, that, those, these）. okay, very good. now, here is a discourse. let's try to find out the reference used in this part. okay, now let's go through it very quickly. try to find out the reference used in the discourse or in the options. okay, now you can focus on your learning. if you have found out the reference used, here try to find out other rules of grammatical cohesion. okay.
（学生完成寻找）
师：have you finished? yes. okay, anyone wants to share with us? yeah, okay, copy out your plates.
生：i think the answer should be c.
师：yeah, wow. um, because?
生：because i found a pronoun “this” in the option c, which refers to “you may want to be a pilot, but can't become one because your eyesight is not good enough”. yes, and it refers to the sentence before it, right?
师：yes, okay. uh, and i also find a word “however” in the option c.
师：hmm, yes. hmm, to make it clear, may i translate the context into Chinese?
师：definitely. please go ahead.
生：the first sentence is “你也许想成为一名飞行员，但是无法实现，因为你的视力不够好”。and the second sentence is “你应该重新考虑你的目标，并且去驱动你自己制定新的目标”。HMM, it's obvious that the meaning of the two sentences are opposite to each other. so we need to use a conjunction to combine these two sentences that have obvious opposite meanings. yeah, so we use “however” here. and that's why i choose the option c. okay.
师：do you agree?
生：yes
师：big hands for beyong. just as beyong showed us, we can have a better understanding of the logic in the discourse with the help of conjunctions, right?
生：yes
师：okay, so, let's try to speak out as many conjunctions as possible. you can talk with your partners. one minute for you to prepare. clear?
生：yes
师：here we go.
（一分钟后）
师：okay, time is up. now let's have a chat. there are seven groups now. let's begin with ding junru. you please.
生：but, yes, that, although, though, however, and well.
师：okay, very good. thank you. sit down please. and how about jiaqi? you please.
生：表因果的有then, so, thus, therefore, consequently.
师：oh, consequently. yeah, okay, very good. thank you. sit down please. and how about 解释关系?
生：actually, in fact, for example, in other words.
师：yeah, for example, and actually which are widely used, right?
生：yeah
师：okay, very good. thank you. sit down please. and 表示并列或递进关系的有besides, also, in addition, in addition to, and what's more.